Capital Gains Tax in Germany [Ultimate 2025 English Guide]

Key takeaways

• Set up an exemption order with your bank. This way, the bank does not pay any withholding tax to the tax office. Hence, you can re-invest the profits from your investment. But your income from investments, like interest, dividends, profits from shares, etc., must be below the exempt amount.
• From 2023, every person in Germany will receive a tax-free allowance of 1,000 € for all capital income in a year. Until 2022, the allowance was only 801 €.
• The tax office will increase all the existing allowances by 24.844 % from 2023.
• Spouses can issue separate or joint tax exemption orders.
• You pay taxes on your crypto profits. The tax rate is as per your personal tax rate. You can check on Koinly* for free (up to 10k transactions) how much gains you have made in a calendar year.

This is how you do it

• To issue the exemption order, the bank needs your tax identification number.
• As per German law, banks must withhold the withholding tax on capital gains if they do not know your tax identification number.
• Every bank offers a form to set up a tax exemption order. So, ask for one and submit it.
• If you have accounts in multiple banks, you need to set up an exemption order with each separately.
• You can have different tax exemption amounts with different banks.
• When setting up tax exemption orders in banks, ensure that they do not exceed the current total tax-free allowance limit.
• Many online services help you file and save income tax in Germany. We recommend SteuerGo*, Wundertax*, and Smartsteuer* for simple tax filings.
• We recommend consulting a tax advisor for complex tax filings. You can get a free quote from the tax advisor we recommend here. The tax consultant offers services in English.

Table of contents

Capital Gain Tax Germany

What’s a capital gains tax in Germany?

When someone sells assets for an amount greater than they paid, the tax office considers it capital gains.

And the taxes you pay on the profits from the sale of your investments are capital gains taxes.

In Germany, you usually pay tax on everything you sell for a profit.

However, the tax rate used to calculate capital gains tax differs based on two factors.

• Your holding period – the period from purchase and sale
• Type of investment – the capital gains tax rate may vary depending on your investment.

For example, the rules for calculating capital gains tax on the sale of properties, artworks, etc., differ from those for selling stocks or bonds.

Capital Gains Tax Rate in Germany

Capital gains in Germany are subject to a 25 percent flat tax rate plus a 5.5% solidarity surcharge (Solidaritätszuschlag in German). That is a total of 26.375 percent.

On top of it, you might pay church tax, if applicable. Church tax is 8% in Bavaria and Baden Württemberg and 9% in the remaining federal states.

What are long-term and short-term Capital gains tax in Germany?

If you hold your investment long enough, you may pay no capital gains tax in Germany. However, the holding period and the tax you pay depend on your investment.

#1 Stocks, Bonds, Interest Income, Dividends

There is no differentiation between long-term and short-term capital gains tax rates regarding stocks, bonds, interests, and dividends.

You pay a flat tax rate of 25% plus a 5.5% solidarity surcharge and, if applicable, church tax on top of it.

NOTE: Stock market losses can only be adjusted against stock market profits. You cannot deduct stock market losses against your income from employment, crypto, or real estate.

Capital gain tax on option and future trading is calculated differently. If you are an options trader, you should consult a tax advisor.

#2.1 Capital gains tax on ETFs

ETFs are treated in a similar way as stocks. This means you pay 25% capital gains tax, plus solidarity surcharge and church tax (if applicable) on the profits from the sale of your ETFs.

Since 2018, banks and brokerage firms in Germany have deducted an “Advanced flat rate” on the profits your ETF made in the last year. You pay the “Advanced flat rate” even if you haven’t sold your ETFs or funds.

Don’t worry you are not taxed twice.

“Advanced flat rate” is the German government’s way to collect taxes in advance. You can deduct the “Advanced flat rate” paid from the profits when you sell the ETF.

Your broker and bank will calculate the “Advanced flat rate” and deduct it at the beginning of the year. So you don’t have to do anything from your end.

You don’t pay an “Advanced tax rate” if your ETFs made a loss in the last year.

NOTE: Suppose you made a loss when you sold the ETFs. You won’t get back the “Advanced tax rate” already paid.

#2.2 Special treatment of “Equity ETFs”

If you sell an ETF comprising shares, part of the profit remains tax-free. The table below shows what percentage of profit is tax-free based on the share of stocks in the ETF.

What percentage of ETF is comprised of stocks?	How much income/profit from the ETF is tax-free?
more than 50%	30%
25 to 50%	15%
less than 25%	0%

This means if you buy and sell ETFs like MSCI World, you pay tax on only 70% of the profits. This makes investing in ETFs that track stock indices even more attractive.

Again, your bank or broker in Germany will calculate the tax that is due and pay the German tax authorities. If you have a broker account with a foreign bank, you must declare your capital gains when filing the income tax return.

You can open a free depot account with Scalable Capital* or Finanzen.net Zero* and start investing.

#3 Cryptocurrency

You pay tax on the profits from the sale of your cryptocurrency according to your personal tax rate. However, you pay the tax only if you sold your investment before one year.

So, buy and hold crypto for over a year to avoid paying capital gains taxes in Germany.

The personal tax rate in Germany varies based on your income. It ranges from 0% to 45%. Income from staking, mining, etc., is also considered for tax.

You get the following tax-free allowances when you sell crypto:

• You pay no tax on up to 599 € of realized gains (for sales up to 31 Dec. 2023).
• The tax-free allowance is 999€ for sales from 1 Jan. 2024.

The tax office considers the following situations as selling the crypto.

• You used cryptocurrency to pay for a service.
• You used your cryptocurrency to buy another one.
• You sold your cryptocurrency for fiat (regular state currency like euros, dollars, etc.)

You can check on Koinly* for free (up to 10k transactions) how much gains you have made in a calendar year on which you must pay tax. You only have to pay Koinly if you download a tax report.

#4 Real estate

You pay no capital gains tax on the sale of your property if you sell it after ten years. However, you pay tax on the profits if you sell the property within ten years.

If you have lived in the property for two years and sell it afterward, you pay no tax. The ten-year rule doesn’t apply to people who live on their property.

The tax rate for gains on property sales is as per your personal tax rate.

If you own a house in Germany, we recommend filing the tax return via a tax consultant. A good tax advisor can save you thousands in tax returns.

You can get a free quote from the tax advisor we recommend here. The tax consultant offers services in English.

Capital gains tax exemption order

As per German law, financial institutions must withhold the capital gains tax before releasing the profit to you.

This means that your bank or trading company will automatically deduct or withhold 25% tax plus a solidarity surcharge (Solidaritätszuschlag in German) from your dividends and interest. Hence reducing your net income from investments.

But the good news is you can tell your bank to stop withholding tax by issuing a capital gains tax exemption order.

What is a capital gains tax exemption order in Germany?

Capital gains tax exemption order is an application form you submit to your bank.

By submitting the exemption order, you tell your bank to stop deducting withholding tax (Abgeltungssteuer in German) from your capital gains.

You can set up an exemption order with

• Banks,
• saving products (Sparkasse in German),
• property savings products (Bausparkasse in German),
• insurance companies

As per German law, banks in Germany must withhold the capital gains tax if there is no exemption order in place. Hence, to avoid unnecessary tax deductions by the bank, submit a tax exemption order in good time.

The legal basis for a tax exemption order is Section 44a of the Income Tax Act  (EStG). It states that no capital gains tax must be deducted if your gains do not exceed the tax-free allowance, i.e., 1000€ (from 2024).

Suppose you haven’t submitted an exemption order to your bank or broker. In this case, you can get a tax refund if you overpaid capital gains tax.

Can you submit capital gains exemption orders for accounts in multiple banks?

Yes, you can split the tax-exempt amount among your accounts in multiple banks. This means you can assign partial amounts to the individual banks on the tax exemption orders.

Thus, you must estimate your total investment income at each bank and carefully distribute the tax-exempt allowance.

Caution: Don’t exceed the capital gains tax allowance

The sum of all your exemption orders must not exceed the tax-free allowance of 1000€ (from 2024).

If the tax office finds that the exemption orders exceed the capital gains tax exempt amount, they consider it a violation of the tax law.

In the event of a repeat offense, the tax office reserves the right to issue you a fine. So, pay utmost attention while submitting multiple capital gains tax-exempt orders to different banks.

What is capital gains tax-free allowance?

Everyone, including children, is entitled to a capital gains tax exemption in Germany.

The capital gains tax-exempt amount is 1000€ (from 2024). For married couples, the tax-exempt amount increases to 2,000 € if they file a tax return together.

In 2022, the capital gains tax-exempt amount was 801 € for an individual and 1,602 € for married couples filing the tax return together.

What is the capital gains tax exemption amount for children in Germany?

You can also open a savings or trading account for children in Germany.

German tax authorities treat the capital gains from children’s accounts as separate from the parents’ capital gains.

Hence, parents should submit a separate capital gains tax exemption order for minors. The capital gains tax-exempt amount for minors is also 1000€ (from 2024).

Capital gains tax allowance will automatically increase

The exempt amount will increase to 1,000 € for individuals and 2,000 € for couples from 2024.

So, you may be wondering what happens to your existing capital gains tax exemption orders. Do you need to submit a new tax exemption order?

The answer is you have to do nothing.

As per the Annual Tax Act 2022, German financial institutions will increase all the existing exemption orders by 24.844 percent. This corresponds to an increase from 801 to 1,000 €.

For example, if you have a capital gains tax exemption order for 400 €, the bank will automatically increase it to 499.38 €.

The same applies if you have several tax exemption orders with multiple banks. Banks will raise each of your orders by 24.844 percent.

Good to know about capital gains tax exemption orders

#1 Tax Id (Steueridentifikationsnummer in German)

Since 2011, you must provide your tax identification number in your capital gains tax exemption order. Exemption orders issued before 2011 remained valid until 2015 without a tax identification number.

However, since 2016, you must also provide your tax identification number (tax ID) for the old orders. Exemption orders without tax identification numbers are no longer valid.

#2 Duration of capital gains exemption orders in Germany

The tax exemption order is valid from 1st January for the entire calendar year in which you submitted it.

You can only cancel the order on 31st December.

You can also issue exemption orders for an unlimited period. So, the orders remain valid until changed or revoked by a new order.

#3 Changing capital gains tax exemption order

You can change an exemption order as often as you like before it begins. But you cannot change it for previous years.

The due date for the final change is the last working day, which is usually 28th December. But banks often specify earlier deadlines, for example, 15th December.

We recommend submitting the exemption application to avoid unwanted tax payments when you open an account.

NOTE: You must ensure to delete the exemption order when you close your account in the bank. If you fail to do so, an unused tax-free allowance remains.

#4 Joint or separate tax-free allowance

You can submit the capital gains tax exemption order individually or jointly with your spouse or partner.

You must submit a new exemption application if your name changes after marriage. In this case, the old order becomes invalid.

#5 Offset profits and losses with a joint exemption order (Ehegattenübergreifende Verlustverrechnung in German)

Suppose you submit an exemption order together with your spouse. In this case, the bank offsets profits and losses from different accounts when determining the net gains. It doesn’t matter

• if you and your spouse manage the account individually or jointly.
• if you file the income tax return individually or jointly.

The bank offsets profits and losses once a year and is binding. Hence, the tax office cannot change it as part of your annual income tax assessment.

If you and your partner exhausted all your tax-free allowance at one bank, you could still have a comprehensive loss offset at another bank.

You can do it by selecting a tax-free amount of 0€ in the exemption form of another bank.

How do you get back capital gains withholding tax?

It can happen that, despite all due care, you have distributed the exemption orders unfavorably among different financial institutions.

As a result, the bank overpaid the withholding tax to the tax office.

In this case, you can get back the overpaid amount during your income tax return. To do this, you must fill out the “Income from capital assets” (Einkünfte aus Kapitalvermögen in German) form (Annex KAP).

We recommend consulting a tax advisor for complex tax filings. You can get a free quote from the tax advisor we recommend here. The tax consultant offers services in English.

You can also use online services to file simple income tax returns in Germany. We recommend SteuerGo*, Wundertax*, and Smartsteuer*.

When is it mandatory for you to submit a KAP form?

You must file an income tax return and submit a KAP form in the following situations.

• You have a bank or brokerage account outside Germany. In this case, you must also fill out KAP-INV form.
• You issued a private loan and received interest on it.
• You’ll get interest on the “tax refund amount” from the tax office.
• Church tax applies to you, and you haven’t paid it based on your capital gains.

As a rule of thumb, you pay tax on all kinds of income you earn within and outside Germany. We recommend consulting a tax advisor if you have income from outside Germany.

A tax advisor can help you file the tax returns properly and avoid double taxation.

When is it recommended to submit a KAP form?

It’s recommended that you file an income tax return and submit a KAP form in the following situations.

• You didn’t submit an exemption order to your bank. You can submit a KAP form to get the overpaid capital gains tax back.
• Your marginal tax rate is lower than the flat capital gains tax. In this case, you can apply for a favorable tax assessment. This means your capital gains will be taxed based on your lower personal tax rate instead of a flat capital gains tax rate.
• You incur a loss and want to offset it against your profits.

Taxes on capital gains from running a business in Germany

You can avoid tax deductions on business capital gains by submitting a “Declaration on exemption from capital gains tax deduction” (Erklärung zur Freistellung vom Kapitalertragsteuerabzug “) to your bank.

In the declaration, you state that your investment income is part of the operating income or income from renting and leasing.

Like your private tax exemption order, the bank also keeps your business exemption order for six years.

Non-assessment certificate (Nichtveranlagungs-Bescheinigung in German)

Instead of an exemption order, you could apply for a non-assessment certificate from your tax office and present it to the bank.

Once a bank has a non-assessment certificate, it doesn’t withhold taxes on income from capital gains.

You can apply for a non-assessment certificate if your expected taxable income, including capital gains, is below the basic tax-free allowance.

The non-assessment certificate is valid for three years. But you must notify the tax office if your income changes.

The non-assessment certificate makes sense for children and pensioners with income from capital investments. The reason is that the taxable income of most children and pensioners does not exceed the basic tax-free allowance.

The basic tax-free allowance is 12,096€ (in 2025) and was 11,604€ (in 2024) for single people.

The basic tax-free allowance doubles for married couples or individuals with registered civil partnerships.

Frequently asked questions about German capital gains tax.

How much capital gains are tax-free in Germany?

The tax-free capital gains amount is 1,000€ for individuals and 2000€ for married couples if they file a tax return together (from 2024).

How do I avoid taxes on income from capital gains?

Here are a few things you can do to reduce your income tax burden.

• Use your losses in investments to compensate for gains.
• Submit a tax exemption order to your bank to avoid unnecessary taxation.
• Get a non-assessment certificate from your local tax office to avoid paying withholding tax.

What is the capital gains tax rate for Germany in 2025?

Germany’s capital gains tax rate is a flat tax rate of 25% plus a solidarity surcharge of 5.5%. On top of it, you may pay church tax, if applicable.

Are unrealized gains taxable in Germany?

No, you don’t pay taxes on unrealized capital gains in Germany. You only pay taxes on the capital gains derived from the sale of assets.

References

• https://fm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/steuern/steuern-aktuelle-themen/besteuerung-von-kryptowaehrungen
• https://www.weltsparen.de/steuer/kapitalertragsteuer/
• https://www.finanztip.de/steuererklaerung-anlage-kap/